Cragside is a Victorian country house in Rothbury, Northumberland, designed by architect Norman Shaw and built for industrialist William Armstrong between 1863 and 1895. It was the first house in the world to be lit by hydroelectric power. It is a Grade I listed building and Scheduled Monument, managed by the National Trust and open to visitors.

What architectural style is Cragside?

Cragside is built in the Old English or Arts and Crafts style, with a dramatic multi-gabled silhouette set into a rocky hillside in Northumberland. The design by Norman Shaw features extensive timber framing, ornate brickwork, and complex rooflines requiring a substantial cast iron rainwater system.

What rainwater systems are appropriate for Victorian country houses like Cragside?

Victorian country houses typically feature cast iron gutters, downpipes, and ornamental hopper heads integral to the architectural character of the building. For complex multi-gabled rooflines, large-capacity cast iron profiles and bespoke castings are often required. Tuscan Foundry Products supplies heritage cast iron for National Trust and similar projects — call 0333 987 4452.

Does Tuscan Foundry supply cast iron guttering for Northumberland properties?

Yes. Tuscan Foundry Products supplies cast iron rainwater systems for listed and period buildings throughout Northumberland, including Victorian country houses, estate buildings, and ecclesiastical properties. Call 0333 987 4452 or email info@tuscanfoundry.com to discuss your project.

What cast iron guttering is appropriate for a period property in Kent?

Period properties in Kent typically feature Half Round or Ogee cast iron gutters depending on the building's age and style. Georgian and early Victorian properties commonly have Ogee profile; later Victorian and Edwardian properties often feature Half Round. Tuscan Foundry Products can advise on the most appropriate choice for your Kent property — call 0333 987 4452.

Do listed properties in Kent need cast iron guttering?

Listed buildings in Kent are required to maintain the character of the original building. Replacing cast iron guttering with uPVC is likely to require Listed Building Consent and is unlikely to be approved by Kent conservation officers. Like-for-like replacement in cast iron does not normally require consent. Tuscan Foundry Products supplies cast iron guttering for listed properties throughout Kent.

Does Tuscan Foundry deliver cast iron guttering to Kent?

Yes. Tuscan Foundry Products delivers cast iron gutters, downpipes, hoppers, and fittings to locations throughout Kent. We supply architects, conservation contractors, and private clients on listed and period buildings across the county. Call 0333 987 4452 or email info@tuscanfoundry.com to discuss your project.

What is a quinquennial inspection?

A quinquennial inspection is a mandatory five-yearly condition survey of a Church of England church, carried out by an approved architect or chartered building surveyor. It assesses the condition of all elements including the roof, rainwater drainage, walls, windows, and fittings, and produces a prioritised schedule of repairs.

What type of guttering is appropriate for a historic church?

Cast iron gutters and downpipes are the appropriate and most commonly specified rainwater system for historic churches. They match original drainage systems on Victorian, Georgian, and earlier ecclesiastical buildings, comply with BS 460:2002, and are acceptable to Diocesan Advisory Committees and conservation officers. Tuscan Foundry Products supplies cast iron church drainage systems — call 0333 987 4452 for guidance.

Does replacing church guttering require a faculty?

Replacing guttering like-for-like in the same material on a Church of England church typically falls within List A or List B of the Faculty Jurisdiction Rules 2015 and may not require a full faculty. Any change of material is likely to require a faculty. Always check with the Diocesan Advisory Committee before proceeding.

How long do cast iron gutters last on a church?

Cast iron gutters correctly installed, painted, and maintained can last in excess of 100 years on a church building. Regular repainting every 7-10 years and prompt attention to joint failures are the key maintenance tasks. Linseed oil paint is increasingly used on ecclesiastical buildings as a period-appropriate and durable finish.

Can Tuscan Foundry supply large-capacity gutters for churches?

Yes. Tuscan Foundry Products stocks large-capacity cast iron gutter profiles appropriate for the wide roof spans of churches, including Deep Half Round and Large Sand Cast profiles. Bespoke profiles are available where the original section is non-standard. Contact us on 0333 987 4452.

What are large sand cast cast iron gutters?

Large sand cast cast iron gutters are heritage rainwater profiles manufactured by the traditional sand casting process in sizes significantly larger than standard stock ranges. They are produced for buildings where standard gutter profiles — typically up to 150mm — are insufficient for the roof area, drainage load, or where the specific historic profile of the building must be matched for conservation accuracy. Profiles include large deep half round, moulded ogee, deep ogee, railway pattern, and box gutter sections. Tuscan Foundry Products has been casting these profiles since 1893.

Who are large sand cast gutters suitable for?

Large sand cast cast iron gutters are suited to country houses, major civic buildings, cathedrals and large churches, Victorian institutional buildings, railway heritage sites, industrial heritage buildings, and estate architecture. They are specified where a standard stock gutter is too small for the drainage requirement, or where a listed building or conservation area project requires a like-for-like match to the original historic profile in a size that standard ranges do not provide.

How do I order a large sand cast cast iron gutter from Tuscan Foundry Products?

Large sand cast gutters are produced to order and are priced on application. Lead times are typically 8–10 weeks from order confirmation. Contact Tuscan Foundry Products on 0333 987 4452 to discuss your profile, sizes, fittings requirements, and project timeline. A site survey may be recommended for complex conservation projects where profile matching is critical.

What are large sand cast cast iron gutters?

Large sand cast cast iron gutters are heritage rainwater profiles manufactured by the traditional sand casting process in sizes significantly larger than standard stock ranges. They are produced for buildings where standard gutter profiles — typically up to 150mm — are insufficient for the roof area, drainage load, or where the specific historic profile of the building must be matched for conservation accuracy. Profiles include large deep half round, moulded ogee, deep ogee, railway pattern, and box gutter sections. Tuscan Foundry Products has been casting these profiles since 1893.

Who are large sand cast gutters suitable for?

Large sand cast cast iron gutters are suited to country houses, major civic buildings, cathedrals and large churches, Victorian institutional buildings, railway heritage sites, industrial heritage buildings, and estate architecture. They are specified where a standard stock gutter is too small for the drainage requirement, or where a listed building or conservation area project requires a like-for-like match to the original historic profile in a size that standard ranges do not provide.

How do I order a large sand cast cast iron gutter from Tuscan Foundry Products?

Large sand cast gutters are produced to order and are priced on application. Lead times are typically 8–10 weeks from order confirmation. Contact Tuscan Foundry Products on 0333 987 4452 to discuss your profile, sizes, fittings requirements, and project timeline. A site survey may be recommended for complex conservation projects where profile matching is critical.

What are large sand cast cast iron gutters?

Large sand cast cast iron gutters are heritage rainwater profiles manufactured by the traditional sand casting process in sizes significantly larger than standard stock ranges. They are produced for buildings where standard gutter profiles — typically up to 150mm — are insufficient for the roof area, drainage load, or where the specific historic profile of the building must be matched for conservation accuracy. Profiles include large deep half round, moulded ogee, deep ogee, railway pattern, and box gutter sections. Tuscan Foundry Products has been casting these profiles since 1893.

Who are large sand cast gutters suitable for?

Large sand cast cast iron gutters are suited to country houses, major civic buildings, cathedrals and large churches, Victorian institutional buildings, railway heritage sites, industrial heritage buildings, and estate architecture. They are specified where a standard stock gutter is too small for the drainage requirement, or where a listed building or conservation area project requires a like-for-like match to the original historic profile in a size that standard ranges do not provide.

How do I order a large sand cast cast iron gutter from Tuscan Foundry Products?

Large sand cast gutters are produced to order and are priced on application. Lead times are typically 8–10 weeks from order confirmation. Contact Tuscan Foundry Products on 0333 987 4452 to discuss your profile, sizes, fittings requirements, and project timeline. A site survey may be recommended for complex conservation projects where profile matching is critical.

What are large sand cast cast iron gutters?

Large sand cast cast iron gutters are heritage rainwater profiles manufactured by the traditional sand casting process in sizes significantly larger than standard stock ranges. They are produced for buildings where standard gutter profiles — typically up to 150mm — are insufficient for the roof area, drainage load, or where the specific historic profile of the building must be matched for conservation accuracy. Profiles include large deep half round, moulded ogee, deep ogee, railway pattern, and box gutter sections. Tuscan Foundry Products has been casting these profiles since 1893.

Who are large sand cast gutters suitable for?

Large sand cast cast iron gutters are suited to country houses, major civic buildings, cathedrals and large churches, Victorian institutional buildings, railway heritage sites, industrial heritage buildings, and estate architecture. They are specified where a standard stock gutter is too small for the drainage requirement, or where a listed building or conservation area project requires a like-for-like match to the original historic profile in a size that standard ranges do not provide.

How do I order a large sand cast cast iron gutter from Tuscan Foundry Products?

Large sand cast gutters are produced to order and are priced on application. Lead times are typically 8–10 weeks from order confirmation. Contact Tuscan Foundry Products on 0333 987 4452 to discuss your profile, sizes, fittings requirements, and project timeline. A site survey may be recommended for complex conservation projects where profile matching is critical.

What are large sand cast cast iron gutters?

Large sand cast cast iron gutters are heritage rainwater profiles manufactured by the traditional sand casting process in sizes significantly larger than standard stock ranges. They are produced for buildings where standard gutter profiles — typically up to 150mm — are insufficient for the roof area, drainage load, or where the specific historic profile of the building must be matched for conservation accuracy. Profiles include large deep half round, moulded ogee, deep ogee, railway pattern, and box gutter sections. Tuscan Foundry Products has been casting these profiles since 1893.

Who are large sand cast gutters suitable for?

Large sand cast cast iron gutters are suited to country houses, major civic buildings, cathedrals and large churches, Victorian institutional buildings, railway heritage sites, industrial heritage buildings, and estate architecture. They are specified where a standard stock gutter is too small for the drainage requirement, or where a listed building or conservation area project requires a like-for-like match to the original historic profile in a size that standard ranges do not provide.

How do I order a large sand cast cast iron gutter from Tuscan Foundry Products?

Large sand cast gutters are produced to order and are priced on application. Lead times are typically 8–10 weeks from order confirmation. Contact Tuscan Foundry Products on 0333 987 4452 to discuss your profile, sizes, fittings requirements, and project timeline. A site survey may be recommended for complex conservation projects where profile matching is critical.

What are large sand cast cast iron gutters?

Large sand cast cast iron gutters are heritage rainwater profiles manufactured by the traditional sand casting process in sizes significantly larger than standard stock ranges. They are produced for buildings where standard gutter profiles — typically up to 150mm — are insufficient for the roof area, drainage load, or where the specific historic profile of the building must be matched for conservation accuracy. Profiles include large deep half round, moulded ogee, deep ogee, railway pattern, and box gutter sections. Tuscan Foundry Products has been casting these profiles since 1893.

Who are large sand cast gutters suitable for?

Large sand cast cast iron gutters are suited to country houses, major civic buildings, cathedrals and large churches, Victorian institutional buildings, railway heritage sites, industrial heritage buildings, and estate architecture. They are specified where a standard stock gutter is too small for the drainage requirement, or where a listed building or conservation area project requires a like-for-like match to the original historic profile in a size that standard ranges do not provide.

How do I order a large sand cast cast iron gutter from Tuscan Foundry Products?

Large sand cast gutters are produced to order and are priced on application. Lead times are typically 8–10 weeks from order confirmation. Contact Tuscan Foundry Products on 0333 987 4452 to discuss your profile, sizes, fittings requirements, and project timeline. A site survey may be recommended for complex conservation projects where profile matching is critical.

What are large sand cast cast iron gutters?

Large sand cast cast iron gutters are heritage rainwater profiles manufactured by the traditional sand casting process in sizes significantly larger than standard stock ranges. They are produced for buildings where standard gutter profiles — typically up to 150mm — are insufficient for the roof area, drainage load, or where the specific historic profile of the building must be matched for conservation accuracy. Profiles include large deep half round, moulded ogee, deep ogee, railway pattern, and box gutter sections. Tuscan Foundry Products has been casting these profiles since 1893.

Who are large sand cast gutters suitable for?

Large sand cast cast iron gutters are suited to country houses, major civic buildings, cathedrals and large churches, Victorian institutional buildings, railway heritage sites, industrial heritage buildings, and estate architecture. They are specified where a standard stock gutter is too small for the drainage requirement, or where a listed building or conservation area project requires a like-for-like match to the original historic profile in a size that standard ranges do not provide.

How do I order a large sand cast cast iron gutter from Tuscan Foundry Products?

Large sand cast gutters are produced to order and are priced on application. Lead times are typically 8–10 weeks from order confirmation. Contact Tuscan Foundry Products on 0333 987 4452 to discuss your profile, sizes, fittings requirements, and project timeline. A site survey may be recommended for complex conservation projects where profile matching is critical.

What are large sand cast cast iron gutters?

Large sand cast cast iron gutters are heritage rainwater profiles manufactured by the traditional sand casting process in sizes significantly larger than standard stock ranges. They are produced for buildings where standard gutter profiles — typically up to 150mm — are insufficient for the roof area, drainage load, or where the specific historic profile of the building must be matched for conservation accuracy. Profiles include large deep half round, moulded ogee, deep ogee, railway pattern, and box gutter sections. Tuscan Foundry Products has been casting these profiles since 1893.

Who are large sand cast gutters suitable for?

Large sand cast cast iron gutters are suited to country houses, major civic buildings, cathedrals and large churches, Victorian institutional buildings, railway heritage sites, industrial heritage buildings, and estate architecture. They are specified where a standard stock gutter is too small for the drainage requirement, or where a listed building or conservation area project requires a like-for-like match to the original historic profile in a size that standard ranges do not provide.

How do I order a large sand cast cast iron gutter from Tuscan Foundry Products?

Large sand cast gutters are produced to order and are priced on application. Lead times are typically 8–10 weeks from order confirmation. Contact Tuscan Foundry Products on 0333 987 4452 to discuss your profile, sizes, fittings requirements, and project timeline. A site survey may be recommended for complex conservation projects where profile matching is critical.

What are large sand cast cast iron gutters?

Large sand cast cast iron gutters are heritage rainwater profiles manufactured by the traditional sand casting process in sizes significantly larger than standard stock ranges. They are produced for buildings where standard gutter profiles — typically up to 150mm — are insufficient for the roof area, drainage load, or where the specific historic profile of the building must be matched for conservation accuracy. Profiles include large deep half round, moulded ogee, deep ogee, railway pattern, and box gutter sections. Tuscan Foundry Products has been casting these profiles since 1893.

Who are large sand cast gutters suitable for?

Large sand cast cast iron gutters are suited to country houses, major civic buildings, cathedrals and large churches, Victorian institutional buildings, railway heritage sites, industrial heritage buildings, and estate architecture. They are specified where a standard stock gutter is too small for the drainage requirement, or where a listed building or conservation area project requires a like-for-like match to the original historic profile in a size that standard ranges do not provide.

How do I order a large sand cast cast iron gutter from Tuscan Foundry Products?

Large sand cast gutters are produced to order and are priced on application. Lead times are typically 8–10 weeks from order confirmation. Contact Tuscan Foundry Products on 0333 987 4452 to discuss your profile, sizes, fittings requirements, and project timeline. A site survey may be recommended for complex conservation projects where profile matching is critical.

What are large sand cast cast iron gutters?

Large sand cast cast iron gutters are heritage rainwater profiles manufactured by the traditional sand casting process in sizes significantly larger than standard stock ranges. They are produced for buildings where standard gutter profiles — typically up to 150mm — are insufficient for the roof area, drainage load, or where the specific historic profile of the building must be matched for conservation accuracy. Profiles include large deep half round, moulded ogee, deep ogee, railway pattern, and box gutter sections. Tuscan Foundry Products has been casting these profiles since 1893.

Who are large sand cast gutters suitable for?

Large sand cast cast iron gutters are suited to country houses, major civic buildings, cathedrals and large churches, Victorian institutional buildings, railway heritage sites, industrial heritage buildings, and estate architecture. They are specified where a standard stock gutter is too small for the drainage requirement, or where a listed building or conservation area project requires a like-for-like match to the original historic profile in a size that standard ranges do not provide.

How do I order a large sand cast cast iron gutter from Tuscan Foundry Products?

Large sand cast gutters are produced to order and are priced on application. Lead times are typically 8–10 weeks from order confirmation. Contact Tuscan Foundry Products on 0333 987 4452 to discuss your profile, sizes, fittings requirements, and project timeline. A site survey may be recommended for complex conservation projects where profile matching is critical.

What are large sand cast cast iron gutters?

Large sand cast cast iron gutters are heritage rainwater profiles manufactured by the traditional sand casting process in sizes significantly larger than standard stock ranges. They are produced for buildings where standard gutter profiles — typically up to 150mm — are insufficient for the roof area, drainage load, or where the specific historic profile of the building must be matched for conservation accuracy. Profiles include large deep half round, moulded ogee, deep ogee, railway pattern, and box gutter sections. Tuscan Foundry Products has been casting these profiles since 1893.

Who are large sand cast gutters suitable for?

Large sand cast cast iron gutters are suited to country houses, major civic buildings, cathedrals and large churches, Victorian institutional buildings, railway heritage sites, industrial heritage buildings, and estate architecture. They are specified where a standard stock gutter is too small for the drainage requirement, or where a listed building or conservation area project requires a like-for-like match to the original historic profile in a size that standard ranges do not provide.

How do I order a large sand cast cast iron gutter from Tuscan Foundry Products?

Large sand cast gutters are produced to order and are priced on application. Lead times are typically 8–10 weeks from order confirmation. Contact Tuscan Foundry Products on 0333 987 4452 to discuss your profile, sizes, fittings requirements, and project timeline. A site survey may be recommended for complex conservation projects where profile matching is critical.

What are large sand cast cast iron gutters?

Large sand cast cast iron gutters are heritage rainwater profiles manufactured by the traditional sand casting process in sizes significantly larger than standard stock ranges. They are produced for buildings where standard gutter profiles — typically up to 150mm — are insufficient for the roof area, drainage load, or where the specific historic profile of the building must be matched for conservation accuracy. Profiles include large deep half round, moulded ogee, deep ogee, railway pattern, and box gutter sections. Tuscan Foundry Products has been casting these profiles since 1893.

Who are large sand cast gutters suitable for?

Large sand cast cast iron gutters are suited to country houses, major civic buildings, cathedrals and large churches, Victorian institutional buildings, railway heritage sites, industrial heritage buildings, and estate architecture. They are specified where a standard stock gutter is too small for the drainage requirement, or where a listed building or conservation area project requires a like-for-like match to the original historic profile in a size that standard ranges do not provide.

How do I order a large sand cast cast iron gutter from Tuscan Foundry Products?

Large sand cast gutters are produced to order and are priced on application. Lead times are typically 8–10 weeks from order confirmation. Contact Tuscan Foundry Products on 0333 987 4452 to discuss your profile, sizes, fittings requirements, and project timeline. A site survey may be recommended for complex conservation projects where profile matching is critical.

What are large sand cast cast iron gutters?

Large sand cast cast iron gutters are heritage rainwater profiles manufactured by the traditional sand casting process in sizes significantly larger than standard stock ranges. They are produced for buildings where standard gutter profiles — typically up to 150mm — are insufficient for the roof area, drainage load, or where the specific historic profile of the building must be matched for conservation accuracy. Profiles include large deep half round, moulded ogee, deep ogee, railway pattern, and box gutter sections. Tuscan Foundry Products has been casting these profiles since 1893.

Who are large sand cast gutters suitable for?

Large sand cast cast iron gutters are suited to country houses, major civic buildings, cathedrals and large churches, Victorian institutional buildings, railway heritage sites, industrial heritage buildings, and estate architecture. They are specified where a standard stock gutter is too small for the drainage requirement, or where a listed building or conservation area project requires a like-for-like match to the original historic profile in a size that standard ranges do not provide.

How do I order a large sand cast cast iron gutter from Tuscan Foundry Products?

Large sand cast gutters are produced to order and are priced on application. Lead times are typically 8–10 weeks from order confirmation. Contact Tuscan Foundry Products on 0333 987 4452 to discuss your profile, sizes, fittings requirements, and project timeline. A site survey may be recommended for complex conservation projects where profile matching is critical.

RB500 Top Rafter Rise and Fall Bracket Half Round Gutter

Size	100mm, 115mm, 125mm, 150mm

Are ornamental cast iron vents suitable for listed buildings?

Yes. Cast iron ornamental vents in period patterns are frequently specified on listed buildings and conservation area properties as like-for-like replacements for original Victorian ironwork. Conservation officers generally accept cast iron in period patterns without objection. We can supply specifications to support planning and listed building consent applications.

Is a cast iron hopper head suitable for use on a listed building?

Yes. Cast iron rainwater goods are widely accepted by conservation officers and historic environment bodies as the appropriate material for listed buildings. Tuscan Foundry's hopper heads are manufactured in solid cast iron to BS 460 specification and are suitable for all listed building classes. A linseed oil paint finish is also available, which is particularly appropriate for conservation projects.

What finishes are available on your cast iron hopper heads?

Our cast iron hopper heads are available in a standard primed and black-painted finish, ready for on-site topcoats. Heritage colour finishes and factory-applied linseed oil paint are available on request. Linseed oil paint is a vapour-permeable, period-appropriate finish particularly well suited to listed buildings and conservation area properties.

What sizes are the Iron Works Hit & Miss Vents available in?

The Iron Works Patterned Hit & Miss Vents are available in two sizes: 225mm × 82mm (single-course, suitable for standard airbrick positions) and 225mm × 150mm (double-course format). Both sizes are available in all three finishes: Antique Black, Polished Lacquered, and Polished Brass.

What round pipe connection sizes does the Regent Corner Hopper H1A accept?

The H1A is available with round pipe connections in 65mm, 75mm, 100mm, and 150mm diameters. Please specify your required connection size when ordering, as this determines the SKU. If you are unsure of the correct pipe size for your project, our team can advise — call 0333 987 4452.

What finishes are available on your cast iron hopper heads?

Is the 300mm brass pole winder opener compatible with Lumen Rooflights?

Yes. The Brass Rooflight Pole Winder Opener 300mm is compatible with Lumen Rooflights and most timber-framed skylights. If you have a specific rooflight model, call 0333 987 4452 to confirm compatibility before ordering.

Is a cast iron hopper head suitable for use on a listed building?

Yes. Cast iron rainwater goods are widely accepted by conservation officers and historic environment bodies as the appropriate material for listed buildings. Tuscan Foundry's hopper heads are manufactured in solid cast iron to BS 460 specification and are suitable for all listed building grades. A linseed oil paint finish is also available, which is particularly appropriate for conservation projects.

Do you sell or make ogee guttering as we have a round double bay turrett style roof to our victorian house.

We do offer a range of Ogee patterned gutters in both straight and radius profiles. The straight profiles are much more common and as such cost less.

Is a cast iron hopper head suitable for use on a listed building?

Yes. Cast iron rainwater goods are widely accepted by conservation officers and historic environment bodies as the appropriate material for listed buildings. Tuscan Foundry's hopper heads are manufactured in solid cast iron to BS 460 specification and are suitable for use on all listed building classes. A linseed oil paint finish is also available, which is particularly appropriate for conservation projects.

RB500 – Top Rafter Rise and Fall Bracket for Plain Half Round Gutter

Additional information

FAQ Categories

Are ornamental cast iron vents suitable for listed buildings?

Is a cast iron hopper head suitable for use on a listed building?

What finishes are available on your cast iron hopper heads?

What sizes are the Iron Works Hit & Miss Vents available in?

What round pipe connection sizes does the Regent Corner Hopper H1A accept?

What finishes are available on your cast iron hopper heads?

Is the 300mm brass pole winder opener compatible with Lumen Rooflights?

Is a cast iron hopper head suitable for use on a listed building?

Do you sell or make ogee guttering as we have a round double bay turrett style roof to our victorian house.

Is a cast iron hopper head suitable for use on a listed building?

Working together to make the world a brighter place

CONTACT US

FOLLOW US

MESSAGE US

ABOUT US

PRODUCTS

SUPPORT

CONTACT

RB500 – Top Rafter Rise and Fall Bracket for Plain Half Round Gutter

Additional information

FAQ Categories

Are ornamental cast iron vents suitable for listed buildings?

Is a cast iron hopper head suitable for use on a listed building?

What finishes are available on your cast iron hopper heads?

What sizes are the Iron Works Hit & Miss Vents available in?

What round pipe connection sizes does the Regent Corner Hopper H1A accept?

What finishes are available on your cast iron hopper heads?

Is the 300mm brass pole winder opener compatible with Lumen Rooflights?

Is a cast iron hopper head suitable for use on a listed building?

Do you sell or make ogee guttering as we have a round double bay turrett style roof to our victorian house.

Is a cast iron hopper head suitable for use on a listed building?

Related products

RB502 – Fascia Rise and Fall Bracket for Plain Half Round Gutter

Cast Iron Half Round Gutter Stopend

Cast Iron Half Round – Gutter Sample